Which geographer proposed a set of 11 migration laws?

Which geographer proposed a set of 11 migration laws?

• A. Ravenstein, Ernst
• B. Mahan, Alfred
• C. Spykman, Nicholas
• D. Burgess, Ernst

Answer: (A)

Ernst Ravenstein, a 19th‑century geographer, proposed a set of 11 migration laws. These laws describe the typical patterns and forces behind human movement, such as most migrants moving short distances, migration occurring in steps from rural to nearby urban areas, long‑distance migrants primarily heading to cities, and the tendency for migration to be driven by economic factors and by young adults. The idea is that migration is not random but follows predictable patterns that show distance matters, urban areas attract long‑distance movers, and movements often generate counter‑flows back toward the origin. The other names are known for different ideas: Alfred Mahan emphasized sea power and its role in imperial strategy; Nicholas Spykman focused on geopolitical approaches to world power; Ernst Burgess developed the Concentric Zone Model of urban land use. None of them proposed the 11 laws of migration.

Ernst Ravenstein, a 19th‑century geographer, proposed a set of 11 migration laws. These laws describe the typical patterns and forces behind human movement, such as most migrants moving short distances, migration occurring in steps from rural to nearby urban areas, long‑distance migrants primarily heading to cities, and the tendency for migration to be driven by economic factors and by young adults. The idea is that migration is not random but follows predictable patterns that show distance matters, urban areas attract long‑distance movers, and movements often generate counter‑flows back toward the origin.

The other names are known for different ideas: Alfred Mahan emphasized sea power and its role in imperial strategy; Nicholas Spykman focused on geopolitical approaches to world power; Ernst Burgess developed the Concentric Zone Model of urban land use. None of them proposed the 11 laws of migration.